Systems and methods for autonomous, scalable, and distributed database management

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to a distributed database environment. Aspects of the present invention include employing a distributed, scalable, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system for use in the database. In embodiments of the present invention a database instance architecture can be used where each database instance maintains management of the database instance rather than the entire environment. In embodiments of the present invention each database instance includes an autonomous management system capable of communicating with autonomous management systems of other database instances to allocate and share resources between database instances.

BACKGROUND

Field of Invention

The present invention relates generally to data networks and devices, and relates more particularly to scalable, distributed and autonomous database management in storage, compute, and network environments.

Description of the Related Art

As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is information handling systems. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.

As information handling systems provide increasingly more central and critical operations in modern society, it is important that the networks are reliable. One method used to improve reliability is to provide a centralized network management.

One type of information handing system is a large-scale datacenter or multiple cloud clusters. In a large-scale datacenter or multiple cloud clusters, control and management is a difficult task. Control and management includes resource discovery, reservation, monitoring, maintenance, teardown, etc. Centralized control of federation between different aggregate managers is a popular method, for example global environment for network innovations (GENI) deployment. However, such mechanism requires additional external infrastructure. This architecture is not able to scale infinitely due to the computing and access limitations of the control infrastructure. Furthermore, cloud infrastructure, e.g., OpenStack, itself does not address and solve this scalability issue when controlling thousands of nodes in a data center.

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of centralized management structure according to prior art embodiments. FIG. 1 shows a datacenter or cloud infrastructure 120 including a plurality of racks 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, and 190. Within this infrastructure there can be a plurality of customers, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, customer 1 192 and customer 2 194. Each customer 192 and 194 can rent space in the data center. For example, customer 1 192 can rent infrastructure 174 and infrastructure 182 and customer 2 194 can rent infrastructure 172 and 184. In the prior art system shown in FIG. 1 a central management 110 is used. Central management performs all the monitoring, resource discovery, resource allocation, maintenance, etc. in the entire datacenter structure 120 including all racks 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, and 190. Having a central management 110 is limiting in the sense that there is a finite, fixed number of racks that can be added to a central management 110. Therefore, the central management system has inherent scalability and manageability limitations.

Accordingly, what is needed is to solve this scalability issue, enabling extending from ten nodes to a million nodes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference will be made to embodiments of the invention, examples of which may be illustrated in the accompanying figures, in which like parts may be referred to by like or similar numerals. These figures are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Although the invention is generally described in the context of these embodiments, it should be understood that it is not intended to limit the spirit and scope of the invention to these particular embodiments. These drawings shall in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made to the invention by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of centralized management structure according to prior art embodiments.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of an OpenStack system according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 depicts another block diagram of an architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of components of autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 depicts another block diagram of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 8 depicts a flow chart of autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 depicts a flow chart of image retrieval according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 depicts a flow chart of autonomous resource discovery, assignment, stitching, monitoring, and teardown according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 depicts an implementation of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 12 depicts a block diagram of autonomous database management systems according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram of autonomous resource, management, discovery, and stitching systems according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 14 depicts a flow chart of resource discovery and data storage according to embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, specific examples and details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these details. Well known process steps may not be described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as limiting. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will recognize that aspects of the present invention, described herein, may be implemented in a variety of ways, including software, hardware, firmware, or combinations thereof.

Components, or modules, shown in block diagrams are illustrative of exemplary embodiments of the invention and are meant to avoid obscuring the invention. It shall also be understood that throughout this discussion that components may be described as separate functional units, which may comprise sub-units, but those skilled in the art will recognize that various components, or portions thereof, may be divided into separate components or may be integrated together, including integrated within a single system or component. It should be noted that functions or operations discussed herein may be implemented as components or modules.

Furthermore, connections between components within the figures are not intended to be limited to direct connections. Rather, data between these components may be modified, re-formatted, or otherwise changed by intermediary components (which may or may not be shown in the figure). Also, additional or fewer connections may be used. It shall also be noted that the terms “coupled” or “communicatively coupled” shall be understood to include direct connections, indirect connections through one or more intermediary devices, and wireless connections.

In the detailed description provided herein, references are made to the accompanying figures, which form a part of the description and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments of the present invention. Although these embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention, it shall be understood that these examples are not limiting, such that other embodiments may be used, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Reference in the specification to “one embodiment,” “preferred embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or “embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, or function described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention and may be in more than one embodiment. Also, such phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment or embodiments. It shall be noted that the use of the terms “set” and “group” in this patent document shall include any number of elements. Furthermore, it shall be noted that methods or algorithms steps may not be limited to the specific order set forth herein; rather, one skilled in the art shall recognize, in some embodiments, that more or fewer steps may be performed, that certain steps may optionally be performed, and that steps may be performed in different orders, including being done some steps being done concurrently.

The present invention relates in various embodiments to devices, systems, methods, and instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media involving the communication of data over networks. Such devices, systems, methods, and instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media can result in, among other advantages, the ability to manage networks at a datacenter or cloud infrastructure level.

It shall also be noted that although embodiments described herein may be within the context of management in a network device, the invention elements of the current patent document are not so limited. Accordingly, the invention elements may be applied or adapted for use in other contexts.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an embodiment of an OpenStack system according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a block 210. Included in block 210 is an OpenStack management 220 managing a plurality of racks 230 and 240. FIG. 2 is illustrated as a block for ease of explanation. However, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to blocks. Another embodiment of the present invention is an infrastructure cluster. The embodiment of the present invention can be a plugin that interfaces with the infrastructure controller via the controllers APIs. Also, FIG. 2 illustrates an OpenStack management system. However, any prior art management system can be used. In embodiments of the present invention, the block 210 can be replicated and linked together with each of the replicated blocks.

FIG. 3 depicts a block diagram of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows one example of the block physical architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. In this embodiment a block includes R720 310 with a NIC switch. A NIC switch is a Network Interface Card (NIC) that includes a network switch application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) built in. One example of a NIC switch is an Intel ALTA (a network switch embedded on a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe)) card and R620 workload nodes 340, 350, 360, 370, and 380. OpenStack can be installed as the cloud infrastructure of this block 300, in which case the server-switch 310 is the controller node and the workload nodes 340, 350, 360, 370, and 380 are compute nodes.

In embodiments of the present invention, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 320 can be software executing on the controller node (R720) 310, cooperating with OpenStack 330 to perform resource control and management. In embodiments of the present invention, a resource can include compute, storage, networking, file system, individual files, capabilities of devices, sensors, services, or any other resource. In embodiments of the present invention, internally, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 320 can retrieve information from OpenStack 330 and assign resources via OpenStack 330. In embodiments of the present invention, externally, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 320 can have the knowledge of all the interfaces on the controller node 310 and can communicate with other autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems 320 of other blocks via these interfaces to share resource information. In embodiments of the present invention, a plurality of blocks 300 can be connected to each other. Thereby eliminating a central management and instead having a distributed management of the entire data structure or cloud infrastructure through the autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems. Using a an autonomous, distributed management system, there are many advantages, including scalability since more blocks can be added to the system to increase the number of racks without limitation.

FIG. 4 depicts another block diagram of an architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 a block implementation is not used. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 a block 210 including processor 460, and local infrastructure 470, 480, and 490 is used and is connected to further infrastructure 410, 420, 430, and 440. In the embodiment show in FIG. 4 each infrastructure can maintain its own management. Similar to the block architecture, the management is distributed rather than central.

A block 450 can include a processor 460 and any type of local infrastructures 470, 480, and 490. In one embodiment the processor 460 can reside on a switch or a server. In another embodiment, the processor 460 can reside in a storage system. In another embodiment, the processor 460 can reside in a thermostat. Processor 460 can be any processor capable of implementing an autonomous, distributed management system in any environment, e.g., a compute environment, a storage environment, or a networking environment.

Infrastructure 470, 480, and 490 can be any type of infrastructure. For example, infrastructure 470, 480, and 490 can be racks used in a server environment, memory or storage space, or any other infrastructure that can be implemented in a distributed management system in any environment, e.g., a compute environment, a storage environment, or a networking environment.

FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of components of autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 5 shows autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 500 depicted in FIG. 3 as autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 320 including autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 and OpenStack 570. Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 includes resource discovery engine 520, resource alignment engine 530, resource monitoring engine 540, resource stitching engine 550, and resource teardown engine 560. Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 can execute on a switch in a data center. In embodiments of the present invention, a resource can be any computing, networking, or storage assigned and used via OpenStack. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that OpenStack is used by way of example and not limitation. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that what is shown as OpenStack in FIG. 5 and the description of FIG. 5 can be a VMWare based cloud, Microsoft Azure or any cloud framework. For ease of explanation, OpenStack will be used herein to refer to any cloud framework.

Resource discovery engine 520 can used by autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 to find resources. When autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 receives a resource request from a user or n application, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 first checks the local block to see if there exist any available resources requested. If the local block's resources can meet the requirements of the request, then the discovery process ends and autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 proceeds with resource assignment as in the case of central management. If no available resources or insufficient resources are at the local block, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 sends out discovery messages over at least one available interface to seek requested resources from other blocks. When another autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 receives an incoming discovery message, it can either forward it or reply to it depending on if there are available resources in its block satisfying the request included in the message. A reply can contain information of assigned resources and stitching. A discovery message can either have a timeout value or hop limit value. This timeout or hop limit allows unnecessary broadcast storms, or a distributed denial of service (DDoS) like reply back to the requesting autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510.

If a block has available resources satisfying a request, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 uses a resource assignment engine 530 to assign resources locally via APIs of OpenStack 570. If an autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 receives any incoming messages and its block has available resources, resource assignment engine 530 can be used to assign resources for this request. A reply can also be sent back to the block requesting the resource. Fresh assigned resources can associate with timeout values for the purpose of determining if they are used or not actually.

In embodiments of the present invention, resource monitoring engine 540 involves monitoring available resources and assigned resources in a local block. Information of available resources can be used by resource discovery engine 520. Information of assigned resources can be used for determining if the resources are used actually or not. If they are not used and keep idling beyond the timeout value, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 can call resource teardown 560 to release resources.

Resource stitching engine 550 can be used for networking stitching between resources assigned across multiple blocks. Once a block assigns resource for a request received from other block, it will reply that particular block, including the stitching information, e.g. virtual extensible local area network identifier (VxLAN ID). After the requesting block receives the reply, it can assign any necessary resources according to the stitching information. After stitching, seamless resource access and control can be achieved. In embodiments of the present invention, to any requesting block, the resources assigned from other blocks perform as if they are local resources. A main difference between a local resource and a remote resource (on a different block) is that the local OpenStack controller does not have the ability to directly manage remote resources.

If there is any incoming request to release assigned resources, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 calls resource teardown engine 560. If all resources only reside at the local block, teardown is direct. If there exists any remote assigned resources, a teardown message including the resource information can be sent out towards the remote block. Once the remote block(s) receive the teardown request, the corresponding resources can be deleted and released. In embodiments of the present invention, a block assigns resources for an incoming request. However, the resources keep idling beyond the timeout checking by resource monitoring engine. In embodiments of the present invention, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510 determines the assigned resources are not used by the requesting block, thus it can call resource teardown engine 560 to release the resources.

FIG. 5 also shows an indexing engine 590. The indexing engine 590 can be used in conjunction with database applications of the autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 510. The indexing engine 590 can create an index of data record key and the IP address where the data is stored. Index engine 590 enhances the speed of data retrieval.

FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6 depicts a plurality of blocks each including an autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system and at least one infrastructure. FIG. 6 shows autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605 and infrastructure 610, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 615 and infrastructure 620, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 625 and infrastructure 630, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 635 and infrastructure 640, and autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 645 and infrastructure 650. Although FIG. 6 is depicted with only one infrastructure per autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system, that is for ease of explanation and not intending to limit the present invention to one infrastructure. To the contrary, in typical embodiments more than one infrastructure would be managed by each autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system.

In FIG. 6 autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605 can be considered the requesting block. Should there be a request for resources within that block, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605 would look to see if that request can be fulfilled within the block. If the request cannot be fulfilled within the block, then autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605, can send a request to adjacent block or blocks. In the example shown in FIG. 6 the request would be sent to autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 615. Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 615 can evaluate whether it can fulfill the request within its block. If it can, then it can send back a message to the requesting autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605. If it cannot fulfill the request, then it can forward the request to its adjacent blocks. In the example shown in FIG. 6, its adjacent blocks are autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 625, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 635, and autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 645. Again, each of those autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems 625, 635, and 645 evaluate whether they can fulfill the request. The autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems that can fulfill the request send a message back to autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 615 to forward back to requesting autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605. If more than one autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 625, 635, and 645 can fulfill the request, then one of the autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems 625, 635, or 645 can be selected by requesting autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 605. Once a resource is found, it can be assigned, stitched, and torn down as described above with reference to FIG. 5.

Using autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system, resources can be described in java script object notation (JSON) format. One of skill in the art will recognize that other formats can used as well. In embodiments of the present invent the following fields can be used:

1. Computing, for example central processing unit or core specifications

2. Memory, for example random access memory (RAM) specifications

3. Storage, for example disk space or access time specifications

4. Networking, for example bandwidth, latency, or packet loss tolerance specifications

5. Network services, for example service type (monitoring, packet capturing, etc) or binaries

In some embodiments resource specification (RSPEC) can be used by autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system to specify the resource requested.

FIG. 7 depicts another block diagram of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 7 shows an example of an autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system using three blocks. One block includes switch 730, including autonomous resource system 710 and workload server including RDF plugin 735, OpenStack controller 740, OVS 745, and NIC switch 750 and workload server 780. Autonomous resource system is intended to have the same meaning as autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system. Another block includes switch including autonomous resource system 715 and workload server including resource description framework (RDF) plugin 760, OpenStack controller 765, OVS 770, and NIC switch 775 and workload server 785. The third block includes workload server 720 including autonomous resource system 705 and layer 3 790.

In the example shown in FIG. 7 the block including workload server 720 and layer 3 790, that block is not itself connected to any resources. That block acts as a relay agent and does not federate any OpenStack controller.

An example of resource request flow in FIG. 7 is described below. The example is merely illustrator and not intended to be limiting in any way. A request from a user or application within the block comprised of switch 730 and workload server 780 is made for two virtual machines (VM's). Autonomous resource system 710 can search for the resource within the block. There is only a resource for one VM, but not the second VM. Therefore, autonomous resource system 710 can send a request on to the next hop, in the case of FIG. 7 to adjacent autonomous resource 705. Autonomous resource system 705 can search within its local block for the resource. It does not have the resource of one VM, so it can forward the request to its adjacent autonomous resource system 715. Autonomous resource system 715 does have the resource of one VM. Autonomous resource system 715 can send a response back to autonomous resource system 710 via autonomous resource system 710 with the information of assigned resources including the VxLAN ID. Autonomous resource system 710 can call resource assignment engine to create one VM and configure the tunneling endpoint at server switch 755. Once server switch 730 gets this reply and knows the assigned resource information, it can go ahead with assigning one VM and configuring the tunneling endpoint in its block. Finally, VM1 780 and VM2 785 are connecting with each other via VxLAN and look like in the same LAN to autonomous resource system 710. However, autonomous resource system 710 manages only workload server 780 and autonomous resource system 715 manages only workload server 785.

FIG. 8 depicts a flow chart of autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 8 shows the messaging sequence including an entire procedure from resource requesting and discovery to resource teardown and release. In FIG. 8, a linear topology of three blocks is assumed (similar as FIG. 7) and the binary dbserver.bin is assumed to be stored only in the block including switch 730 and workload server 780 at the beginning. One of skill in the art will appreciate that this flowchart explains a typical example, which can be extended to advanced applications or services in practice.

In FIG. 8 an incoming resource request from an OpenStack plugin 820 is received by autonomous resource system 805. Autonomous resource system 805 checks available resources with OpenStack resource plugin 820. In the example described in FIG. 7, autonomous resource system 805 only has one VM resource 825. Autonomous resource system 805 assigns resources for the client 830. Autonomous resource system 805 modifies the request and forwards it to the next hop 835. Autonomous resource system 810 checks available resources with OpenStack resource plugin 840. Autonomous resource system 810 determines no available resources 845. Autonomous resource system 810 forwards the same request to the next hop 850. Autonomous resource system 815 receives the request and checks available resources with Openstack resource plugin 855. Autonomous resource system 815 determines that the resource is available 860.

FIG. 9 depicts a flow chart 900 of binary retrieval according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 9 shows flow continuing the example described in reference to FIG. 7. Autonomous resource system 815 sends the request to the next hop 905. Autonomous resource system 810 finds no dberver.bin found 910. Autonomous resource system 810 forwards the request to the next hop 915. Autonomous resource system 805 finds dberver.bin 920. Autonomous resource system 805 sends the binary to the next hop 925. Autonomous resource system 810 finds no dbserver.bin and stores dbserver.bin 930. Autonomous resource system 810 forwards the binary to the next hop 935. Autonomous resource system 815 stores the dbserver.bin 940.

FIG. 10 depicts a flow chart of autonomous resource discovery, assignment, stitching, monitoring, and teardown according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 10 also continues with the example described in reference to FIG. 7. Autonomous resource system 815 sends the response to the next hop 1005. Autonomous resource system 810 forwards the reply to the next hop 1010. Autonomous resource system 805 receives the response, configures the VXLAN tunnel endpoints, and launches the VM 1015. Autonomous resource system 805 actions in the VM 1025 and establishes a VXLAN tunnel with the VM managed by autonomous resource system 815 1030. After the resource use has ended autonomous resource system 805 tears down and releases the resources for the request 1040. Autonomous resource system 805 forwards the request 1045 to autonomous resource system 810. Autonomous resource system 810 forwards the request 1050 to autonomous resource system 815. Autonomous resource systems 805 and 815 teardown and release the client and clear the VXLAN tunnel endpoints 1055 and 1060.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the example described in reference to FIG. 7 and used in FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 is illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. One of skill in the art will also appreciate that the flowcharts of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 can apply to other examples as well.

FIG. 11 depicts an implementation of a block architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment of an implementation of the present invention is shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 shows autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 1105. Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 1105 can be connected to content-centric networking (CCNx) protocol 1110 including plugin 1115 and coupled to a transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) transport layer 1120. Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 1105 can also be coupled to Mininet 1125 including API 1130.

Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system can be implemented under Ubuntu 14.04. In some embodiments of the present invention, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system can be built on top of CCNx protocol. CCNx is a potential protocol of content-centric networking. The version 0.8.2 of CCNx protocol can be used and tested. Although CCN is clean-slate architecture of Future Internet, it can co-exist with TCP/IP in the real world. In the implementation shown in FIG. 11, CCNx is used as an overlay networking protocol on top of transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) transport layer. Internet protocol (IP) addresses and user datagram protocol (UDP) socket can be used for phase configuration in CCNx. The autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system can send out messages in the format of CCNx Interest packets and reply messages in the format of CCNx Content packets.

In FIG. 11, instead of directly using cloud infrastructure using OpenStack on multiple physical servers, the networking emulation tool Mininet can be used and tested first for simplicity. Mininet uses open virtual switch (OVS) as a fundamental component to create ports, performing as virtual hosts attached. Thus, in this embodiment, one server or one VM installed Ubuntu could be considered as a block. Once the autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system decides to assign resources, it can take actions via Mininet APIs.

In one embodiment, a distributed database system can be achieved using the autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems and methods. This embodiment of a distributed database can use the standard database operations such as read, write, update, delete as well as indexing and replication. In a distributed database embodiment, each database instance can be a self-contained fully functional database system. All the standard database operations can be executed on each database instance. When a resource is under constraint on any of the database instances, an instance will be able to discover remote resources in the cluster, distribute the data onto the remote database instance and seamlessly integrate those resources into the database operations executed on the local instance.

FIG. 12 depicts a block diagram of autonomous database management systems according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 12 shows system 1200 executing on processor 460 including autonomous database management system 1210 and autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 1265. Autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system was described with respect to FIGS. 2-11. In embodiments of the present invention, autonomous database management system 1210 operates in conjunction with autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system 1265. Autonomous database management system 1210 comprises database operation interface 1225. Database operation interface 1225 interfaces with remote database instance. For example, if a database resource cannot be found locally, database operation interface 1225 requests the resource from a remote database instance. Also, in embodiments of the present invention, database operation interface 1225 can respond to requests from remote database instances.

As FIG. 12 shows, database operation interface 1225 is coupled to database operation processing engine 1230. Database operation processing engine 1230 can perform database operation functions for example, insert/write 1235, query/read 1240, update 1245, delete 1250. In some embodiments, database operation processing engine 1230 can perform other database processing functions.

As shown in FIG. 12, database operation processing engine is coupled to a distributed indexing engine 1255 and opportunistic record level replication engine 1260. Distributed indexing engine 1255 builds an index of the distributed database. Opportunistic record level replication engine 1260 coordinates database replication. Each of these blocks in FIG. 12 will be described more fully below.

FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram of autonomous resource, management, discovery, and stitching systems according to embodiments of the present invention. In FIG. 13, each circle 1305, 1310, 1315, 1320, and 1325 represent a database instance, which can be a full-fledged database system that provides the capability of data storage, data query, data deletion, and data update. When the local resource on the database instance is sufficient for supporting regular database functionality, the database instance will function by itself without communicating with other peers in the system. In the case when the local server is running out of system resources, the database instance can send requests to remote instances in the cluster using CCN based autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems located at each database instance or collection of database instances. Each database instance shown in FIGS. 13 1305, 1310, 1315, 1320, and 1325 has an autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system and an autonomous database management system associated with it as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-12.

When a local server instance is running out of resources, it will first go through the resource discovery process described above with reference to FIGS. 2-11, then store the data onto a remote instance. The local server instance can also build an “index” for the remote data to help with fast retrieval of the data using distributed indexing engine 1255. Multiple replicas for redundancy can be supported using autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems and opportunistic record level replication engine 1260. Caching can also be enabled to help with the fast retrieval of popular data. The following sections will discuss each perspective in more details.

When a data storage request arrives at one of the database instances in the server block cluster for example database instance 1305, it will first try to store the data on the local node 1305. If the local resource utilization already exceeds a threshold, the database instance will send out a resource discovery request to the cluster using autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems. More specifically, the instance 1305 (using database operation interface 1225) can send out the request to its neighbor instances 1310 and 1325 with the specification of the data being stored, such as the size of the data. When an instance in the cluster receives such request and accepts the request (using database operation interface 1225), it sends back a response to the originator with its own IP address using database operation interface 1225. For example, if node 1310 accepts the request, node 1310 sends a response back to nice 1305 that node 1310 has the available resource and can include its own IP address. If the originator 1305, in this example, receives multiple responses with IP addresses, it can pick the first one and send the real data to it using the IP address. In this example, node 1305 can send the real data to node 1310 and build an index at node 1305. If the instance that receives the data storage request does not accept it, it can forward the request to its neighbor nodes using database operation interface 1225. After the remote instance stores the data, it will send a response back to the originator indicating the data has been stored. Upon receiving such response, an “index” record with the data record key and the IP address of the database instance node where the data is stored can be created on the requestor node 1305 (using distributed indexing engine 1255) to indicate where the data is stored in the cluster.

When a data query comes to a server instance, for example to node 1305, in the cluster, if the data is found on local server, the local server instance will reply with the data using database operation processing engine 1230 and database operation interface 1225; if an “index” is found on the local server indicating where the data is stored, the data query request will be sent to the remote server instance directly with the IP address stored in the “index”; if no data nor “index” is found on the local server, the data query request will be forwarded to the neighbors of the server where the same algorithm will be applied. When the data is found, during the trip of transporting the response back to the requester, an “index” record containing the data record key and the IP address of where the data is stored can be created on each server instance node in the path. With more and more queries hitting the same data content, more and more “index” records related to this data content will be built on the server instances, which will help with the fast retrieval of frequently requested data content. In some embodiments, the indexing mechanism can be a “distributed indexing” of data being stored in peer-to-peer distributed data storage systems.

In embodiments of the present invention, when a data update or data delete request comes to a database instance in the cluster, if the data is found on the local server, the data can be updated or deleted on the local server; if an “index” is found on the local server indicating where the data is stored, the request can be sent to the remote instance with the IP address and the data can be updated or deleted on the remote instance; if there is no data nor “index” being found on the local server instance, the data update or delete request can be sent to the neighbors where the above algorithm will be applied on the neighbors. If eventually the data is found on a remote instance, on the trip back when the response is sent, an “index” with the IP address that contains the data can be created on each server instance in the path back.

In a distributed database system, replication of the same data is a common requirement to enforce data redundancy and high availability. Opportunistic record level replication engine 1260 can replicate the data. Each copy of the data is referred to as replicas and the number of replicas can be configured by the user.

With slight modification of the above algorithm, embodiments of the present invention can support opportunistic record level replication in the distributed database system leveraging on blocks architecture. For example, if the user would like to have three replicas in the system, when a data storage request for three replicas arrives at one server instance node, the server can send the request to its neighbors (and itself), which can trigger resource discovery process. During the process, instead of picking the first response back, the server can choose the first three responses (including itself) so that three copies of the same data are stored in the system. The rest of responses can be thrown away. In embodiments of the present invention, an “index” record can be created on this server instance with three IPs recording where the data is stored. If there are only two or one responses for this request, this request will not be fulfilled (or failed).

Based on the dynamically changing state of the cluster, the first three responses received by the requester is unpredictable. On the other hand, since the data storage request is on data record level, embodiments of the present invention can manipulate different properties associated with the replicas on record level. For example, for one particular data record, embodiments of the present invention can ask for three replicas while for other data records, embodiments of the present invention can restrict only one copy of the record in the entire system to save the storage size. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention provide an opportunistic record level replication capability using an algorithm based on autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching systems.

FIG. 14 depicts a flow chart of resource discovery and data storage according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 14 has two parts, one for the node that receives the data storage request 1400 and one for each database (DB) instance node 1490. FIG. 14 shows a request for storage for one or a set of data records with required number of replicas arrives at a node in the cluster 1405. As the request originator, this node sends the request with replica number to the database instance on the local node 1410. FIG. 14 shows waiting for a response with a time out 1415. FIG. 14 also shows a decision of are all the requested replicas fulfilled 1420. If they are all fulfilled, then send the real data to the database instances node according to the IP address 1420 and build one index of the data on this node containing the key of data and the IP address 1430, reply with success 1435, and end. If the requested replicas are not fulfilled, then is it timed out 1440, if not, wait for a response 1415. If it is timed out, then reply with failure 1445 and end.

Each database instance node checks for local resource 1450. Inquire does the local database instance contain enough resource to fulfill one copy of the data storage 1455. If so, then fulfill the request by sending the originator a reply with the IP address of this database instance 1460. Set replica number equal to replica number minus one 1465. If the local database instance does not have enough resource to fulfill one copy of the data storage, then set replica equal to replica minus one 1465. Is the replica number greater than zero 1470. If so, then send the data storage request with the updated replica number to its neighbors 1475. If not, then do nothing, i.e., stop forwarding 1480.

In the example of data queries, each data query request can contain the number of replicas in the system of this data record. For example, if there are three replicas of this data record in the system, when this data query arrives at one of the database instance nodes in the system, this database instance can check the index built on this database instance node to see if there exists one index of this data record. If an index is found and multiple IPs can be associated with this data record, this query can be sent to all the IPs. When responses come back, the first response will be picked to serve the data query request. If no index of this data record is found in this local database instance node, the request can be forwarded to its neighbors, where the query logic as above will be repeated on these neighbor nodes. This process can be repeated until the index of the data record in the system is found and response is sent back to the query originator. Similar to the single data copy scenario, along the way of the response, the indexes can be stored on each database instance to help with future query requests.

In the case of data update or delete, the request can contain the data record and the replica count. When such requests arrive at one of the database instance nodes, it can be sent to the local database instance. If the index of the data record is found, the IP address(es) of the database instance node can be obtained and data update or delete operation can be sent to the address(es) to update or delete the data record on that node. Whenever each replica is updated or deleted on a different IP address, updated/deleted replica count can be reduced by one. When the number equals to 0, the update or delete process completes and stops. Otherwise, the request can be sent to the neighbors of the nodes to repeat the same logic until all the replicas of this data record is updated or deleted.

In some embodiments of the present invention, to boost the performance of query, caching can be enabled in the system. When a data storage, data query, or data update request arrives in a server instance node, a flag to indicate whether this data needs to be cached or not will be specified in the request. If the data is stored on a remote instance, during the trip when the data is sent back to the original requester, on each server instance node in the path back, the data will be stored with a time to live property. By doing so, whenever there is a data query request happens on the server instances with cached data, the data will be returned directly to the requester without having to send to the remote instance where the data is actually stored.

One advantage of the present invention is that it provides a distributed, scalable, autonomous resource discovery, management, and stitching system that is capable of near infinite scalability.

Another advantage of the present invention is that the management process is simplified and more reliable since one central management system is not managing a large number of racks.

Yet another advantage of the present invention is that it addresses the problem of scalability in cloud environments.

Yet another advantage of the present invention is that provides systems and methods to dynamically increase the system resources leveraging the resource available on remote instances.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various benefits are available as a result of the present invention.

It shall be noted that aspects of the present invention may be encoded upon one or more non-transitory computer-readable media with instructions for one or more processors or processing units to cause steps to be performed. It shall be noted that the one or more non-transitory computer-readable media shall include volatile and non-volatile memory. It shall be noted that alternative implementations are possible, including a hardware implementation or a software/hardware implementation. Hardware-implemented functions may be realized using ASIC(s), programmable arrays, digital signal processing circuitry, or the like. Accordingly, the “means” terms in any claims are intended to cover both software and hardware implementations. Similarly, the term “computer-readable medium or media” as used herein includes software and/or hardware having a program of instructions embodied thereon, or a combination thereof. With these implementation alternatives in mind, it is to be understood that the figures and accompanying description provide the functional information one skilled in the art would require to write program code (i.e., software) and/or to fabricate circuits (i.e., hardware) to perform the processing required.

While the inventions have been described in conjunction with several specific embodiments, it is evident to those skilled in the art that many further alternatives, modifications, application, and variations will be apparent in light of the foregoing description. Thus, the inventions described herein are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, applications and variations as may fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A distributed database system, comprising: at least one database instance; an autonomous database management system for each database instance, the autonomous database management system comprising: a database operation interface executing on a processor enabling the processor to interface with another autonomous database management system; a database operation processing engine coupled to the database operation interface, the database operation processing engine executing on a processor enabling the processor to perform a database operation; and a distributed indexing engine coupled to the database operating processing engine, the distributed indexing engine executing on a processor enabling the processor to index location of database storage and an address of the database storage a local autonomous resource system executing on a processor enabling the processor to manage database storage on the at least one database instance, the local autonomous management system comprising: a resource discovery engine executing on the processor enabling the processor to search within the at least one database instance responsive to a request for the database storage and to send a request to at least one remote autonomous resource system for discovery of the database storage; and a resource assignment engine, operating in conjunction with the resource discovery engine, executing on the processor enabling the processor to assign a discovered database storage and to send a message to the remote autonomous resource system responsive to a request from the remote autonomous resource system.
 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a resource monitoring engine executing on the processor enabling the processor to monitor database storage on the local autonomous resource system and interface with the resource discovery engine.
 3. The system of claim 1 further comprising a resource stitching engine executing on the processor enabling the processor to stitch the database storage assigned from the remote autonomous resource system.
 4. The system of claim 1 further comprising a resource tear down engine executing on a processor enabling the processor to send a message to the remote autonomous resource system to release the resource.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the local autonomous resource system enables replication of the database storage.
 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the replication uses three replicas.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the autonomous resource system enables database storage caching.
 8. A method for managing a distributed database, comprising: sending a request to a local autonomous resource system on a local database instance for a database storage; searching the local database instance for the database storage; sending a request to a remote autonomous resource system for the database storage; receiving a response from a remote autonomous resource system, the response providing an indication of whether the remote autonomous resource system has the database storage; assigning a database storage located on a remote database instance; and sending the remote autonomous resource system data associated with the database storage.
 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising monitoring the local database instance for resources.
 10. The method of claim 8 further comprising releasing the database storage responsive to a request to release a database storage from the remote autonomous resource system.
 11. The method of claim 8 further stitching the database storage assigned from a remote autonomous resource system.
 12. The method of claim 8 further comprising indexing the database instance with the database storage and an address of the database storage.
 13. The method of claim 8 further comprising caching the database storage to enable fast access.
 14. The method of claim 8 further comprising replicating database storage to enable redundancy in the database storage.
 15. The method of claim 8 further comprising forwarding a message to a remote autonomous resource system responsive to failing to have the resource on the local autonomous resource system.
 16. A distributed database system, comprising: a first node comprising; at least one first database instance; a first autonomous database management system for each first database instance, the autonomous database management system comprising: a first database operation interface executing on a first processor enabling the first processor to interface with another autonomous database management system; a first database operation processing engine coupled to the first database operation interface, the first database operation processing engine executing on a first processor enabling the first processor to perform a database operation; and a first distributed indexing engine coupled to the first database operating processing engine, the first distributed indexing engine executing on a first processor enabling the processor to index location of database storage and an address of the database storage; and a first autonomous resource system executing on a first processor enabling the first processor to manage database storage on the at least one database instance, the first autonomous resource system comprising: a first resource discovery engine executing on the first processor enabling the first processor to search within the first at least one database instance responsive to a request from an application for a database storage; a first resource assignment engine, operating in conjunction with the first resource discovery engine, executing on the first processor enabling the first processor to assign a discovered database storage; and a second node comprising: at least one second database instance; a second autonomous database management system for each database instance, the second autonomous database management system comprising: a second database operation interface executing on a second processor enabling the second processor to interface with another autonomous database management system; a second database operation processing engine coupled to the second database operation interface, the second database operation processing engine executing on a second processor enabling the processor to perform a database operation; and a second distributed indexing engine coupled to the second database operating processing engine, the second distributed indexing engine executing on a second processor enabling the second processor to index location of database storage and an address of the database storage a second autonomous resource system executing on a second processor enabling the second processor to manage database storage on the second at least one database instance, the second autonomous resource system comprising: a second resource discovery engine executing on the second processor enabling the second processor to search within the second at least one database instance responsive to a request from an application for a database storage and to send a request to the first autonomous resource system for discovery of the database storage; and a second resource assignment engine, operating in conjunction with the second resource discovery engine, executing on the second processor enabling the second processor to assign the database storage from the first at least one database instance and to send a message to the first autonomous resource system responsive to a request from the first autonomous resource system. autonomous resource.
 17. The system of claim 16 wherein the first autonomous resource system enables replication of the database storage.
 18. The system of claim 17 wherein the replication uses three replicas.
 19. The system of claim 16 wherein the first autonomous resource system enables database storage caching.
 20. The system of claim 16 wherein the second autonomous resource system enables database storage caching. 